References
1. Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O et al. Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics. Dermatology 1997; 195 (Suppl 2): 29-35.
2. Shiraishi T, Nakagawa Y. Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine and commercially available gargle preparations. Dermatology 2002; 204 (Suppl 1): 37-41.
3. Jayaraja Kumar K et al. Application of broad spectrum antiseptic povidone iodine as powerful action: a review. J Pharmaceutical Science Technology 2009; 1 (2): 48-58.
4. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 1% Gargle & Mouthwash Product Label.
5. Whittaker C. Sore throats and halitosis. SA Pharmacist’s Assistant 2010; 10 (1); 12-16.
6. Worrall G. Acute sore throat. Canadian Family Physician 2011; 57: 791-794.
7. Kanagalingam J. Practical use of povidone-iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections. The International Journal of Clinical Practice 2015. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12707.
8. Lachapelle J et al. Antiseptics in the era of bacterial resistance: a focus on povidone iodine. Clin. Pract. 2013; 10(5): 579-592.
9. Company Core Data Sheet (CCDS): Povidone-iodine (Mundipharma).
10. Ghogawala Z and Furtado O. In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activities of 10%, 2.5%, and 1% povidone-iodine solution. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990;47:1562-1566.
11. Leyden J., Stewart R., et al. Updated in vivo Methods for Evaluating Topical Antimicrobial Agents on Human Skin. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol 72(4): 165-170, 1979
12. Burks RI. Povidone-iodine solution in wound treatment. Phys Ther 1998; 78: 212-218.
13. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 2.5%w/v Dry Powder Spray Product Label.
14. Drosou A et al. Antiseptics on wounds: an area of controversy. Wounds 2003;15(5):149-166.
15. American Red Cross Website. Anatomy of a First Aid Kit. Available at http://www.redcross.org/prepare/location/home-family/get-kit/anatomy. Accessed on 19 Jan 2017.
16. Hainer LB, Gibson MV. Vaginitis: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Phys 2011; 83 (7): 807-815.
17. Wewalka G et al. Efficacy of povidone-iodine vaginal suppositories in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Dermatology 2002; 204 (Suppl. 1): 79-85.
18. Monif, G. R., et al. Quantitative and qualitative effects of povidone-iodine liquid and gel on the aerobic and anaerobic flora of the female genital tract." Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980; 137(4): 432-8.
19. Carr PL, Felsenstein D, Friedman RH. Evaluation and management of vaginitis. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13 (5): 335-346.
20. Marrazzo JM. Normal vaginal flora. In: A Practical Update on Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. Highlights From a Symposium. Family Practice News 2003 (Suppl.): 3-5.
21. BETADINE® Daily Feminine Wash Liquid. Product Label.
22. Yu H, Tak-Yin M. The efficacy of povidone‐iodine pessaries in a short, low‐dose treatment regime on candidal, trichomonal and non‐specific vaginitis. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69 (Suppl. 3): S58-S61.
23. Henderson JN, Tait IB. The use of povidone-iodine (' BETADINE®') pessaries in the treatment of candidal and trichomonal vaginitis. Curr Med Res Opin 1975; 3(3): 157-162.
24. Jenzer, H. Assessment of Povidone-lodine Disinfectant Compatibility with Antimicrobial Incise Drape and Adhesion Inhibition on the Skin Using a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Approach. Dermatology 2006; 212 (suppl 1): 58-65
25. Sibbald RG, Leaoer DJ, Queen D. Iodine Made Easy. Wounds International 2011; 2(2): Available at http://www.woundsinternational.com
26. Juhasz I. Experiences with the use of povidone-iodine-containing local therapeutics in dermatological surgery and in the treatment of burns: testing for allergic sensitization in postsurgery patients. Dermatology. 2002; 204 (Suppl 1):52–8.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website. Antibiotic Resistance Questions and Answers. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance.html Accessed on 3/24/2022.
28. BETADINE® Feminine Wash Foam (Daily Use). Product Label.
29. Illinois Department of Public Health. Vaginitis. Available from http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbvaginitis.htm. Accessed on April 2014.
30. Egan M, Lipsky M. Diagnosis of Vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Sep 1; 62(5):1095-1104.
31. Cambridge University Hospitals. Social Hand Wash vs Hygienic Hand Disinfection. Available at http://www.cuh.org.uk/cms/sites/default/files/publications/hand_hygine.pdf. Accessed on 03/04/2017.
32. Fernandez R and Griffiths R. Water for wound cleansing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD003861. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003861.pub3.
33. How to Eliminate Vaginal Odor. Wikihow Website. Available from http://www.wikihow.com/Eliminate-Vaginal-Odor. Accessed on 31 May 2016.
34. Itagaki A et al. A trial of ISODINE® gargle in the prevention of an influenza epidemic in an elementary school. Royal Society of Medicine Services London New York 1988. Proceedings of the First Asian/Pacific Congress on Antisepsis. International Congress and Symposium Series Number 129. ISBN 0-905958 62-4
35. The WHO Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal. Available at http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jwhozip32e/3.2.html. Accessed on 16/06/2014.
36. University of Adelaide. Patient Information Pamphlets No.2. Controlling Decay in Your Mouth.
37. Maheshwari R, Jain* V, et al. A review on lozenges. British Biomedical Bulletin. 2013. 1(1) : 035-043.
38. Gonçalves K., Graziano K., et al. A systematic review of surgical hand antisepsis using an alcohol preparation compared to traditional products. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2012; 46(6):1483-92
39. Szepetiuk G., Henry F., et al. Comparative study of the efficacy of fusidic acid and povidone iodine in childhood impetigo. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2007; Volume 1, Number 4/2006
40. G. Selvaggi, S. Monstrey, K. Van Landuyt, et al. The Role of Iodine in Antisepsis and Wound Management: A Reappraisal. Plastic Surgery Department, Gent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; 2003, 103, 241-247
41. Joress, S. A Study of Disinfection of the Skin: A Comparison of Povidone-Iodine with Other Agents used for Surgical Scrubs. Ann Surg. Feb 1962; 155(2): 296–304.
42. Sneader W. Drug Discovery: A History. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2005. p68.
43. Strep Throat: Medline Plus Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000639.htm, Accessed on 2017
44. Farrer F. Sprays and lozenges for sore throats. S Afr Pharm J 2013; 80 (4): 8-11.
45. Jones, C. Antiseptic Vs. Disinfectant. Livestrong 2014. Available at http://www.livestrong.com/article/291472-antiseptic-vs-disinfectant. Accessed on 23/06/2014.
46. Prince HN, Nonemaker WS, et al. Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics. J Pharm Sci. 1978 Nov; 67(11):1629-31.
47. Larson E, APIC guidelines for infection control practice: guideline for use of topical antimicrobial agents. Am J Infect Control. 1988; 16(6):253-65.
48. Stöppler, M. Vaginal Yeast Infections. eMedicine Health. Available at http://www.emedicinehealth.com/vaginal_yeast_infections/article_em.htm#vaginal_yeast_infection_overview. Accessed on 23/06/2014.
50. Oxford JS, Lambkin R, Gibb I et al. Antiviral Chem Chemother 2005; 16: 129-134.
51. Why are Clean Hands Important for Children. Singapore Health Promotion Board. Available at http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/health-article/7054. Accessed on 29/11/2016.
52. Keep Your Hands Clean. Singapore Health Promotion Board. Available at http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/persona_article/Workplace%20Health%20Facilitator___5652. Accessed on 29/11/2016.
53. Keep Your Hands Clean. HealthHub Website. Available at https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/471/keepyourhandsclean. Accessed on 29/11/2016.
54. Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Information Sheet. World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region). Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/hfmd.information.sheet/en. Accessed on 29/11/2016.
55. Omana-Cepeda C et al. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:165. DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-1973-y.
56. Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Guidelines. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Available at
http://www.moh.gov.my/images/gallery/Garispanduan/Guidelines%20HFMD%202007.pdf Accessed on 29/11/2016.
57. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Prevention & Treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Website. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/prevention-treatment.html Accessed on 15/1/2017.
58. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 0.45%w/v Sore Throat Spray Product Label and Insert.
59. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 10%w/v Feminine Wash. Patient Information Leaflet.
60. Keeping your vagina clean and healthy. NHS Choices Website. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/vagina-health/Pages/keep-vagina-clean.aspx. Accessed on 3 August 2016.
61. Priestly CJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L What is normal vaginal fiora. Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 23-28.
62. Schwebke JR, Richey CM, Weiss HL. Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1632-6.
63. Data on file. DeoPlex® Natural Deodorizing Active. Carrubba.
64. Data on file. SyriCalm™ CLR (PC). Chemisches Laboratorium.
65. Data on file. Dermatological expertise on clinical-dermatological test regarding the reduction of itching on human skin. Dermatest GmbH. April 2009.
66. Data on file. Specialist dermatological report on a UV-erythema test on human skin. Dermatest GmbH. April 2009.
67. Data on file. BIOLIN Cosmetic Prebiotic. Gova Ingredients Research and Trading.
68. Viegas DA, Palmera-de-oliveira A, Salueiro L, Martinezde-Oliveira J, et al. Helichrysum italicum: From traditional use to scientific data. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):54-65.
69. Sala A, Recio MC, Shinella GR, Máñez S, et al. Assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity and free radica; scavenger activity of tiliroside. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;461: 53-41.
70. Rosa A, Pollastro F, Atzeri A, Appendino G, et al. Protective role of arzanol against lipid peroxidation in biological system. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164: 24-32.
71. When & How to Wash Your Hands. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Website. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html. Accessed on 15/1/2017.
72. Eggers et al. Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Infect Dis Ther 2015. DOI 10.1008/s40121-015-0091-9.
73. Eggers et al. Povidone-iodine hand wash and hand rub products demonstrated excellent in vitro virucidal efficacy against EBOLA virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), the new European test virus for enveloped viruses. BMC Infectious Disease 2015; 15: 375.
74. Kariwa et al. Inactivation of SARS Coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. Dermatology 2006; 212 (suppl 1): 119-123.
75. Chua et al. Comparative testing of Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) and other commercially available products on viruses based on current European suspension assay [abstract]. In: The 5th Global Congress for Consensus in Pediatrics & Child Health; 2016 Mac 3-6; Xian, China: CIP 2016.
76. Sriwilaijaroen N, et al. Mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza A viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities. Virology
Journal 2009, 6:124 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-124
77. Ito H et al. Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Japan and Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of Povidone-Iodine Products. Dermatology 2006; 212 (suppl1):115-118. DOI: 101.1159/000089210
78. Lages SL, Ramakrishnan MA, Goyal SM. In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus. J Hosp Infect. 2008 Feb;68(2):159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.11.018. Epub 2008 Jan 18.
79. Steinmann J, Paulmann D, Becker B, Bischoff B, Steinmann E, Steinmann J. Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Hospital Infection 82 (2012) 277-280. Epub 2012 September 23.
80. Oral Health: Infection Control. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Website. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/faq/hand.htm .Accessed on 29/11/2016.
81. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 7.5%w/v Skin Cleanser Product Label.
82. Ludwig M et.al. Efficacy of a carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Respiratory Research 2013:14:124.
83. Koenighofer M et. al. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2014:9:57.
84. Eran Ben-Arye, et. al. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Volume 2011, Article ID 690346.
85. Tan EL, Johari NH. Comparative in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of povidone-iodine and other commercially available antiseptics against clinically relevant pathogens. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2021 Jan 26;16:Doc05.
86. Product Label and Insert of BETADINE® Cold Defense Nasal Spray for Adult and Kids
87. Eccles, et. al. Respiratory Research 2010, 11:108
88. Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Website. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/index.html. Accessed on 11/04/2019.
89. Product Label and Insert of Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) Paint
90 Product Label and Insert of Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) Cream and Ointment
91. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 10% Wound Solution Product Label
92. McCormack W. Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 1. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2010.
93. A Practical Update on Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. Highlights from a symposium.
94. Ripa S., et.al. Clinical Applications of Povidone-Iodine As A Topical Antimicrobial. In: Handbook of Topical Antimicrobials Industrial Applications. Industrial Applications in Consumer Products and Pharmaceuticals. 2002.
95. Kawana R., et.al. Dermatology 1997;195(suppl 2):29-35.
96. Sauerbrei A., et. al., Lett Appl Microbiol 2010;51(2):158-63.
97. Eggers M., et. al. Can Oral Disinfection with Povidone-Iodine Prevent Viral Respiratory Infections? Abstract & Poster ASN226 IMRP Singapore 2015.
98. Tan EL, et. al. Poster/Abstract presented at the International Wound & Biotherapy Conference, 16-18 October, 2015. Malaysia.
99. Eggers M., et. al. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:375.
100. Eggers M., et. al. Infect Dis Ther 2015;4:491-501.
101. IPSOS Korea, Regional Research HK, Singapore.
102 Gillet E., et. al. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:10-18.
103. Sherrard J., et. al. 2011 European (IUSTI/WHO) Guidlelines on the Management of Vaginal Discharge.
104. Bacterial Vaginosis – NHS (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bacterialvaginosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx). Accessed on 25/03/2015.
105. Madden T., et. al. Sex Trasm Dis 2012;39:217-222.
106 Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) 10% Vaginal Douche Product Label
107, Van Meurs SJ, Gawlitta D, Heemstra AA, et al. Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution for Intraoperative Irrigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2014;96(4):285-291
108. Fumal I, Braham C, Paquet P, et al. The beneficial toxicity paradox of antimicrobials in leg ulcer healing impaired by a polymicrobial flora: a proof-of-concept study. Dermatology 2002;204 Suppl 1:70-74.
109. Vehmeyer-Heeman et al. Burns. 31 (2005) 489–494.
110. 4. Amtha R, Kanagalingam J. Povidone-iodine in dental and oral health: a narrative review. J Int Oral Health 2020;12:407-12.
111. FazekasT, et al. Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:147.
112. Vehmeijer H, Boeckx, Gorissen et al. Povidone-iodine ointment: No delay of split skin graft healing. Burns 2007;37:S1–S172
113. Ogawa K et al. An Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of “Throat Spray” SM-121 on Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Disease. Journal of New Remedies & Clinics, Vol. 44, No. 3. 1995.
114. Anderson DE, Sivalingam V, Kang AEZ, Ananthanarayanan A, Arumugam H, Jenkins TM, Hadjiat Y, Eggers M. Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV- 2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease. Infect Dis Ther. 2020 Sep;9(3):669-75.
115. Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Eickmann M, Zorn J. In Vitro Bactericidal and Virucidal Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine Gargle/Mouthwash Against Respiratory and Oral Tract Pathogens. Infect Dis Ther. 2018 Jun;7(2):249-59.
117. Betadine® Fresh Bliss Proof of Claims
118. Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®) Proof of Claims
119. Povidone-Iodine (BETADINE®) ASC Certification for Globally recognized, September 2020.
120. Van Meurs SJ, Gawlitta D, Heemstra AA, et al. Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution for Intraoperative Irrigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2014;96(4):285-291
121. Matthews D, et al. International Journal of General Medicine 2018;11:451–456 and Shepard A, Zybeshari S. Antiviral Research 2015;123:158–162.
122. McNally D, et al. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:194–207